西奧多·羅斯福 The Man with the Muck-rake

　　Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt

　　The Man with the Muck-rake

　　delivered 14 April 1906

　　演講者簡介：西奧多·羅斯福(英文：Theodore Roosevelt，又譯狄奧多·羅斯福，人稱老羅斯福，昵稱泰迪(Teddy)，1858年10月27日-1919年1月6日)，美國軍事家、政治家，第26任總統(tǒng)，

西奧多·羅斯福 The Man with the Muck-rake

　　關(guān)于耙糞記者的相關(guān)背景介紹：

　　所謂“耙糞記者/耙糞運(yùn)動”(muckraker)，也稱黑幕揭發(fā)記者/運(yùn)動，是指美國19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初掀起的一股新聞報(bào)道浪潮，一些記者和報(bào)刊致力于深入調(diào)查報(bào)道黑幕，揭發(fā)丑聞，對社會陰暗面進(jìn)行揭示。其名稱源于西奧多·羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)的一次演講。此演講中，羅斯福將20世紀(jì)初一批致力于揭丑、暴露、煽情等報(bào)道的記者，比作英國作家約翰·班揚(yáng)小說《天路歷程》中的一個反派人物，他從不仰望天空，只是手拿糞耙，埋頭打掃地上的穢物。但是被批評的揭丑記者卻不以為然，反而欣然接受這個稱號。后來，人們便將這種新聞及報(bào)道這些新聞的記者和報(bào)刊稱為耙糞運(yùn)動、耙糞記者、耙糞報(bào)刊等，就如同人們將赫斯特報(bào)刊的煽情報(bào)道成為黃色新聞一樣。

　　Over a century ago Washington laid the corner stone of the Capitol in what was then little more than a tract of wooded wilderness here beside the Potomac. We now find it necessary to provide by great additional buildings for the business of the government.

　　This growth in the need for the housing of the government is but a proof and example of the way in which the nation has grown and the sphere of action of the national government has grown. We now administer the affairs of a nation in which the extraordinary growth of population has been outstripped by the growth of wealth in complex interests. The material problems that face us today are not such as they were in Washington's time, but the underlying facts of human nature are the same now as they were then. Under altered external form we war with the same tendencies toward evil that were evident in Washington's time, and are helped by the same tendencies for good. It is about some of these that I wish to say a word today.

　　In Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" you may recall the description of the Man with the Muck Rake, the man who could look no way but downward, with the muck rake in his hand; who was offered a celestial crown for his muck rake, but who would neither look up nor regard the crown he was offered, but continued to rake to himself the filth of the floor.

　　In "Pilgrim's Progress" the Man with the Muck Rake is set forth as the example of him whose vision is fixed on carnal instead of spiritual things. Yet he also typifies the man who in this life consistently refuses to see aught that is lofty, and fixes his eyes with solemn intentness only on that which is vile and debasing.

　　Now, it is very necessary that we should not flinch from seeing what is vile and debasing. There is filth on the floor, and it must be scraped up with the muck rake; and there are times and places where this service is the most needed of all the services that can be performed. But the man who never does anything else, who never thinks or speaks or writes, save of his feats with the muck rake, speedily becomes, not a help but one of the most potent forces for evil.

　　There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man, whether politician or business man, every evil practice, whether in politics, business, or social life. I hail as a benefactor every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform or in a book, magazine, or newspaper, with merciless severity makes such attack, provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use only if it is absolutely truthful.

　　The liar is no whit better than the thief, and if his mendacity takes the form of slander he may be worse than most thieves. It puts a premium upon knavery untruthfully to attack an honest man, or even with hysterical exaggeration to assail a bad man with untruth.

　　An epidemic of indiscriminate assault upon character does no good, but very great harm. The soul of every scoundrel is gladdened whenever an honest man is assailed, or even when a scoundrel is untruthfully assailed.

　　Now, it is easy to twist out of shape what I have just said, easy to affect to misunderstand it, and if it is slurred over in repetition not difficult really to misunderstand it. Some persons are sincerely incapable of understanding that to denounce mud slinging does not mean the endorsement of whitewashing; and both the interested individuals who need whitewashing and those others who practice mud slinging like to encourage such confusion of ideas.

　　One of the chief counts against those who make indiscriminate assault upon men in business or men in public life is that they invite a reaction which is sure to tell powerfully in favor of the unscrupulous scoundrel who really ought to be attacked, who ought to be exposed, who ought, if possible, to be put in the penitentiary. If Aristides is praised overmuch as just, people get tired of hearing it; and over-censure of the unjust finally and from similar reasons results in their favor.