高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義
一．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
一．不定式：
一）不定式的常考形式：
1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.
被動(dòng)形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.
語(yǔ)法功能： 表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生
2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.
被動(dòng)形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
語(yǔ)法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前
二）不定式常考的考點(diǎn)：
1）不定式做定語(yǔ)----將要發(fā)生
2）不定式做狀語(yǔ)----目的
3）不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能---To see is to believe.
三)不定式的省略
1)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel
+ do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；
+ doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見(jiàn)了"這個(gè)事實(shí))
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見(jiàn)他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作）
" 感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原to
I 'd like to have John do it.
I have my package weighed.
Paul doesn't have to be made to learn.
3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do
四)有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do
force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do
be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do
We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet．（NMET
1995）
A．having met B．meeting C．to meet D．to have met （Key：C）
五) 有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing形式
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.
三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，want不太常用。
He needs (a lot of) encouraging.
二. 動(dòng)名詞： 具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞
1)是名詞 seeing is believing
2)具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語(yǔ) starving troops is necessary.
一)動(dòng)名詞的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking.
完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.
被動(dòng)形式：This question is far from being settled.
二) 動(dòng)名詞常考的點(diǎn)
1)動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)
2)在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞
3)動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過(guò)代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語(yǔ).
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．（MET 1992）
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也對(duì)）
I regret not having taken your advice.
4)有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說(shuō)法：
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...
5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。
I remembered to post the letters. (指未來(lái)/過(guò)去未來(lái)的動(dòng)作)
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
forgot與remember的用法類似。
I regret to inform you that… 我很遺憾地通知你…
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 為了"二十年前的離開(kāi)"而遺憾。
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.
try -ing 試驗(yàn) Try practicing five hours a day.
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父親不讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味著]贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。
prefer的用法：
我寧愿在這里等。
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）
I prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）
I prefer swimming to cycling. （這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）
-The light in the office is still on．
-Oh，I forgot _______ ．（MET 1991）
A．turning it off B．turn it off C．to turn it off D．having turned it off（Key：C）
-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting．
-Well，now I regret _______ that．（NMET 1995）
A．to do B．to be doing C．to have done D．having done（Key：D）
3 分詞：
現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài)
現(xiàn)在分詞的形式:
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生)
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前)
3)完成被動(dòng)形式：Having been adapted, the seems perfect.( 發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng))
過(guò)去分詞
1) 過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fight no battle unprepared.
2)過(guò)去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做)
這三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。他們之間的一致關(guān)系--主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。
二：虛擬語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別
最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別，因此在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確理解和掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法十分重要。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法復(fù)雜多變，在高考試題中，命題者常常利用語(yǔ)境和句子之間意義上的細(xì)微差別來(lái)考查學(xué)生對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的理解和掌握。對(duì)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，除了要求考生能夠準(zhǔn)確掌握它們的基本用法外，還要充分利用高考試題所設(shè)置的語(yǔ)境來(lái)分析句子之間所體現(xiàn)的特殊關(guān)系。下面就近幾年來(lái)高考試題中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納分析，以便同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)掌握。
一、用"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have ＋done"結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的推測(cè)，高考試題中常用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)給以暗示。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的這一用法可以用 "對(duì)立統(tǒng)一"來(lái)概括。
1．當(dāng)試題的前句和后句在動(dòng)作和意義上相互補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，且整個(gè)句意在動(dòng)作和時(shí)間上是一個(gè)整體時(shí)，我們可用"統(tǒng)一"關(guān)系來(lái)解決這樣的試題。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：
must have done：