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高中英語細節(jié)題的解題技巧
【題型特點】這類試題旨在考查考生對事實細節(jié)的確定。這類試題一般只針對文章中某一特定的細節(jié),也可能涉及若干個細節(jié),或者針對文章的主要事實,或利用圖形圖表或地圖來表示信息等。此類試題一般又可分為兩類:一是直接理解題,答案可在原文中直接找到;二是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題,答案是原文中有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換,而不能在原文中直接找到。
【命題形式】這類題主要是針對who, what, which, why, how, when, where等來提問的。如:等來提問的。如(1)Which of the following statements is true / NOT true / false, according to the passage?
(2)Which of the following statements is (not) correct?
(3)In the passage, which of the following is mentioned / not mentioned?
(4)All the following statements are not true except ______.
(5)All the statements are true except______.
(6)Choose the right order of the events given in the passage?
(7)When/Where did the story happen?
了解這些題目的設(shè)計特點對正確解題有一定幫助。一般來說,設(shè)計這些題目時,編題者常常會換用不同的詞、詞組、短語、句型、或其它不同的表達方式來表達文段中某一相應(yīng)的詞、詞組、短語、句型或表達方式所表達的同一意思,以此來考察讀者對文段中某一信息的理解。解答這類閱讀理解題尤其要求我們熟練掌握所學(xué)范圍內(nèi)的詞匯、短語、句型及其意義和用法。
【實例分析】下面是選自全國的一篇高考閱讀題。短文后面的閱讀理解題的設(shè)計采用了替換詞匯(單詞、詞組或短語)、替換句型、轉(zhuǎn)換表達形式等命題方式。我們通過對這些例題的分析,具體了解一些閱讀理解題的設(shè)計特點和解題的基本方法。
The basenji is a central African hunting dog. It comes from a country called Chad, which is north of the Central African Republic. The basenji was well-known as the “silent dog” because for centuries no basenjis had ever been known to bark (吠). Then at a dog show in London in 1953, a basenji actually barked.As well as being clever, basenjis are known for their natural courage and are still popular hunting dogs in Africa. But in America people keep them mainly because they are gentle and full of fun. The basenji has an unusual habit; it washes itself all over like a cat. It is a middle-sized dog, 16 or 17 inches higher from the shoulder. It weighs about 20 pounds. A basenji’s coat is short and silky. It may be brown, white, or gold, or a mixture of these three colours.
1. Basenjis were first found ______.
A. in Africa, Europe and America
B. in both Africa and America
C. in central Africa D. in North Africa
2. What made basenjis so special?
A. They were funny enough to make people laugh.
B. One of them barked at a dog show in London.
C. They were a true friend of man.
D. They were born quiet dogs.
3. Americans like basenjis because they are ______.
A. pleasant
B. pretty
C. clean
D. quiet
4. In what way are basenjis like cats?
A. They make gentle sounds instead of barking.
B. They are fond of people and look like cats.
C. They clean themselves all over.
D. They have short, silky fur.
5. Basenjis are good hunters because they are ______.
A. strong
B. fearless
C. the right colour
D. the right weight
【答案解析】
1. 該題題干的意思可以理解成 Basenjis’ native country is…,其信息聯(lián)系點在第一自然段的第1句。根據(jù)這一句所傳達的信息,我們可以排除1A、B兩個選項,因為它們均大于文段中所給的信息的范圍 (The basenji is a central African hunting dog)。D選項與第一段的第2 north 這個詞,但 North Africa 是“北非”,在“非洲”北部;而 north of the Central African Republic 是“中非共和國的北部”,在“中非”北部,它們表示的范圍(或概念)不一致,也可以排除,因此,可以確定C選項是正確的。該題題干的設(shè)計采用了換句型的方法,即用 Basenjis were first found in central Africa 表達 The Basenji is a central African hunting dog 的意思。
2. 該題可以理解為 Why were Basenjis so special,其信息聯(lián)系點在第一自然段的第3句。根據(jù)這一句所提供的信息,我們基本可以確定D句。根據(jù)這一句所提供的信息,我們基本可以確定選項是正確的,因為 …because… 表達了主從句之間的因果關(guān)系,而A、B、C三個選項與文段中的信息聯(lián)系點沒有什么關(guān)系,因此,都可以排除。該題的設(shè)計同時用了換詞和換表達形式兩種方法,即,用 special 取代 was well-known,用 quiet 取代 silent;用 was born quiet 取代 had never been known to bark。
3. 該題與文段的信息連接點在第二段的第2句,題目的設(shè)計采用了換詞的手法,because表示主從句之間的因果關(guān)系,但題干用 Americans like Basenjis 替代了文段中的 In America people keep Basenjis,即用 Americans 取代了(In America)people,用 like 取代了 keep,用 pleasant 取代了 gentle and full of fun。在四個選項中,B、C兩個選項與文段中的信息點 gentle and full of fun 的意思無關(guān);D選項只與信息點的部分意思D(gentle)相關(guān),因此,這三個選項都可以排除。A選項可以完整地概括 gentle and full of fun 全部意思,因此,正確選項應(yīng)該是A。
4. 該題問的是“Basenjis在那一方面象貓”,其信息連接點在第二段的第3句。該題的設(shè)計采用了換詞的方法,即C選項 They clean themselves all over 中的 clean 取代了文段中 It washes itself all over”中的“washes”,符合題意,而A、B、D三個選項的意思均與該信息點的意思無關(guān),因此均可以排除。
5.該題的信息連接點在第二段的第1句。題目的設(shè)計采用了換詞、換表達形式的方法。文段中的“…Basenjis are known for their natural courage and are still popular ”句。題目的設(shè)計采用了換詞、換表達形式的方法。文段中的“”實際上可以理解為“Basenjis are still popular hunting dogs because they are known for their natural courage”,即文段中用“and”表示前后兩個并列句之間的因果關(guān)系,而題干用“because”表示主從句之間的因果關(guān)系;此外,題干中的“good hunters”取代了文段中的“popular hunting dogs”,B選項中的“fearless”取代了文段中的“courage”,符合文意,因此正確,而A、C、D三個選項均與文中相關(guān)信息點的意思無關(guān),可以排除。
閱讀理解題的設(shè)計千變?nèi)f化,但只要我們加強閱讀實踐,不斷總結(jié)經(jīng)驗,同時注意題目設(shè)計的基本規(guī)律,就一定能提高我們的閱讀理解水平和能力。
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