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高一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之定語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句
1. 定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)及理解
2. 定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞的使用
3. 定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá)
（一）定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某個(gè)名詞或代詞的句子（做這個(gè)名詞或代詞的定
語(yǔ)）叫定語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定
語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，它與定語(yǔ)從句之間要有一個(gè)詞連接，這個(gè)詞指代先行詞的內(nèi)容叫做關(guān)系詞
（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因狀語(yǔ)。
結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語(yǔ)從句。
（二）定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：
限定性定語(yǔ)從句：從句對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行必要的描述或說明，缺少它，則句義顯得不完整，從句
與先行詞緊密相連。
1. 先行詞是主句與從句共有的部分
2. 先行詞一般是名詞或代詞
3. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)
?先行詞→人，關(guān)系代詞→who, that
?先行詞→物，關(guān)系代詞→which, that
4. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)
注：是否充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，看從句的謂語(yǔ)是vi. / vt.
?先行詞→人，關(guān)系代詞→whom, who, that
?先行詞→物，關(guān)系代詞→which, that
?一般可省略關(guān)系代詞，但介詞后不可省略
?若 prep.+關(guān)系代詞，只能用whom ,which，不能用who, that
?介詞與動(dòng)詞（詞組）固定搭配，介詞不能提前
5. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)
?先行詞→人，關(guān)系代詞→whose, of whom
?先行詞→物，關(guān)系代詞→whose, of which
6. 關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)
?when→時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，先行詞表示時(shí)間的名詞或代詞
where→地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，先行詞表示地點(diǎn)的名詞或代詞
why→原因狀語(yǔ)，先行詞是reason
?關(guān)系副詞在具體語(yǔ)境下可與介詞+關(guān)系代詞替換
＊ 介詞選擇看 ①與從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞間的搭配關(guān)系
②與先行詞之間的關(guān)系
＊ why = for which
注：解題時(shí)，先判斷從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是vt./vi.，看從句中缺的是狀語(yǔ)或是其他成分
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，解釋，它與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開。
1. 形式上，主、從句間用逗號(hào)分開
2. 意義上，只對(duì)先行詞作附加說明
3. 關(guān)系詞根據(jù)先行詞，可選相對(duì)的who, whom, which, whose, when, where等，但是不能使
用that，why
4. 先行詞是專有名詞、father、mother，或其他的第一無(wú)二的名詞時(shí)，一般用非限制性定
語(yǔ)從句
5. 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，which的先行項(xiàng)可以是上文的整個(gè)或部分的分句內(nèi)容
1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.
2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.
3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.
（三）關(guān)系詞前面可以根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容加上一些介詞，這些關(guān)系詞在介詞后面常用
which 或whom.
1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the
company.
2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the
scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.
知識(shí)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
（二）當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因的詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用when, where, why 還有which, that
1. I’m very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.
2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.
3. I think I can understand the reason why he didn’t tell the truth to me.
4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.
（三）定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá)：修飾一個(gè)名詞除了后面用定語(yǔ)從句以外，還可以用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
形式：doing短語(yǔ)，done短語(yǔ)，being done短語(yǔ)，to be done短語(yǔ)修飾。
1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
被修飾名詞+doing短語(yǔ)： 正在做?.的人/正在發(fā)生的事。
2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
結(jié)構(gòu)和意思：被修飾名詞+ done短語(yǔ)： 被?..的人/事
3. The question that is being discussed is very important.
The question being discussed is very important.
被修飾名詞+being done短語(yǔ)：正在被?..的人/事
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
被修飾名詞+ to be done短語(yǔ)：將要被?..的人/事
注意：that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,后面必須接完整的句子;定語(yǔ)從句后面接的是不完整的句子
that的用法
1. 不用that的情況
?非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中
?介詞后
2. 只能用that的情況
?先行詞為不定代詞指物Something that I learned in the book is very useful. 我在這本書學(xué)到
的大部分內(nèi)容是非常有用的。
?先行詞由the only, the very修飾。你必須面對(duì)的唯一一件事情就是通過每一次你的考試The
only thing that you have to face is to pass every exams.
?先行詞由序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)（含等last, next等）修飾
?先行詞既指人、又指物
?先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)成分He doesn't seem to be the man that he was.
?需要避免重復(fù)時(shí)
?定語(yǔ)從句是“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其前的關(guān)系代詞必須是“that”.The number of mistake that there
are in this homework is surprising
原則：在定語(yǔ)從句中，使用that來引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，幾乎是永遠(yuǎn)安全的。 特例一：在限定性
定語(yǔ)從句中，如果關(guān)系代詞前有限定詞，則不能that引導(dǎo)； 如果先行詞是人，則
用whom；如果先行詞是物，則用which.
第二 判斷類： 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句;(永遠(yuǎn)不出現(xiàn)that) 限定性和非限定性的區(qū)別不
要求通過意義判斷！ (1) 非定中，先行詞=物，則which，which可以代表前句整句的意思； 先行詞=人，則who/whom（不用“that”）
關(guān)系代詞&關(guān)系副詞的選擇; 判斷方法：看引導(dǎo)詞在句子所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞旨纯伞?如果充當(dāng)是名詞性成分，使用關(guān)系代詞； 如果充當(dāng)是狀語(yǔ)成分，使用關(guān)系
副詞。
筆記：關(guān)系副詞包括where、when、while、how.
第三 瑣碎的考察: 先行詞是“the way”時(shí)，用that/which，不用how
引導(dǎo)詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用which不用that;
the same as/that對(duì)比，用as：相似，同類事物;用that：同一個(gè)，同一事物.
Eg：This is the same pen as/that I lost yesterday.
分析：用as時(shí)，譯為這是同樣一支筆和我昨天丟的一樣；用that時(shí)，譯為這是同樣一支筆
和我昨天丟的同一支筆
關(guān)于定語(yǔ)從句的其他問題
1. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞數(shù)的變化與先行詞的人稱數(shù)保持一致
2. the one
?判斷主句是否有先行詞，若沒有，先補(bǔ)先行詞the one
3. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句
?結(jié)構(gòu)
It is/was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that / who + 句子的剩余部分
?判斷方法
去掉it is/was ? that/who?之后，余下的部分是完整的句子，則該句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型
【典型例題】例1] Friendship is needed by all, _____ plays an important role in people’s lives.
A. which B. that C. who D. it
分析：_____ plays an important role in people’s lives為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞
Friendship用which連接定語(yǔ)從句。
http://http://m.msguai.com/news/558325F1E0B505CA.html 答案：A[例2] Uncle Li _____ I worked three years ago has retired now.
A. who B. whom C. with whom D. to whom
分析：_____ I worked three years ago作為定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞Uncle Li，從句完整的表達(dá)是：
I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以關(guān)系詞前應(yīng)加上介詞with。
答案：C
[例3] Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
分析：定語(yǔ)從句_____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work修飾先行詞the reason指
“他在會(huì)上就他工作中的粗心解釋的原因。先行詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ)。
答案：A
[例4] Teachers, _____ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.
A. who B. that C. which D. whose
分析：非限定性定語(yǔ)從句_____ work is rather hard修飾先行詞teachers, 它與從句中的work是從屬關(guān)系，關(guān)系詞用whose 答案：D
[例5 ] The Olympic Games , _____ in 776 BC, didn’t included women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played
C. first played D. to be first playing
分析：公元前776年被首次舉行的奧運(yùn)會(huì)，直到1912年才容納女運(yùn)動(dòng)員。_____in 776 BC做定語(yǔ)修飾The Olympic Games，指過去的內(nèi)容，表示被動(dòng)。用done做定語(yǔ)。 答案：C
[例6] The houses _____ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.
A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built
分析：根據(jù)句意房子即將開工。_____ for the teachers and the construction work修飾The houses應(yīng)為The houses The houses將要為教師和施工修建的房子。
答案：B
[例7] How many of us_____, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion?
A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended
分析：根據(jù)句意：比如說，我們當(dāng)中參加一個(gè)對(duì)我們毫不重要的會(huì)議的人會(huì)有多少人對(duì)這個(gè)討論感興趣呢？_____, say, a meeting that is not important to us修飾How many of us做定語(yǔ)。與全句動(dòng)作同步.
答案：B
[例8] She has three children, _____ is working in Australia.
A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them
分析：非限定性定語(yǔ)從句__ is working in Australia修飾先行詞three children，根據(jù)從句中的is判斷，是說：三個(gè)孩子中的一個(gè)在澳大利亞工作。
答案：B
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