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2015考研英語(yǔ) 推理判斷題常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)歸納
推理判斷題在這9年來(lái)呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)明顯的上升趨勢(shì)，題量?jī)H次于細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題，現(xiàn)在每年基本考5-6題。
1、推理判斷題的標(biāo)志：infer， imply， suggest，All of the following/statements………NOT true/ correct/ mentioned EXCEPT
2.應(yīng)該每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都返回原文，找出出處
考生經(jīng)常會(huì)在這種題型出錯(cuò)，其實(shí)主要就源于一個(gè)“懶”。
推理判斷題經(jīng)常四個(gè)選項(xiàng)是四個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的句子，而且極有可能對(duì)應(yīng)原文中截然不同的四個(gè)地方，考生就沒(méi)有耐性一一定位。這是一種錯(cuò)誤的方法，考生一定要每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都返回原文，找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的考點(diǎn)。筆者接下來(lái)就考研經(jīng)常在推理判斷題中出現(xiàn)的考點(diǎn)做一個(gè)歸納總結(jié)。
A）正話反說(shuō)：
這是考研的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，即作者實(shí)際表達(dá)的意思和你讀到的字面意思是相反的。很多考生沒(méi)有真正理解文章意思，只停留在字面意思的理解，經(jīng)常會(huì)選錯(cuò)答案。而正話反說(shuō)又可以分為以下幾類：
Should：應(yīng)該怎樣？也就意味著實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有那么干，也就是作者想表達(dá)的意思和字面意思相反。
It looks/sounds like/as if：看/聽(tīng)上去好像，實(shí)際并不是。如大綱樣題（1997年真題第5篇）的首句“Much of the language used to describe monetary policy， such as ”steering the economy to a soft landing“ or ”a touch on the brakes“， makes it sound like a precise science.”下劃線的字面意思直譯“使之聽(tīng)上去好像一門(mén)精確的科學(xué)”，作者實(shí)際表達(dá)的意思貨幣政策并不是一門(mén)精確的科學(xué)。
虛擬語(yǔ)氣：虛擬以所謂的反事實(shí)假設(shè)，即作者是既表達(dá)的意思和字面意思相反。如1996年第五篇的末句“And so it does - and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.”本句話字面意思直譯是“如果理性成為創(chuàng)世論和進(jìn)化論這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)議的惟一評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，那么一切都會(huì)變得好了”，作者實(shí)際表達(dá)的意思就是理性既不是惟一評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而今天情況也并不好。
讓步論述：讓步論述就是先假設(shè)作者觀點(diǎn)負(fù)面成立，從而引發(fā)出一系列荒謬的、不合理的結(jié)局，倒過(guò)來(lái)再次論證作者自身觀點(diǎn)的正確性。因?yàn)橛屑僭O(shè)能成立的過(guò)程，事實(shí)上并不能成立，因此字面意思和實(shí)際意思依然是相反的。如大綱樣題（1997年第5篇）首段“Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen， a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.”如果把貨幣政策比成開(kāi)汽車的話（前文論證過(guò)貨幣政策不能比喻成開(kāi)汽車，這里就是假設(shè)其觀點(diǎn)的負(fù)面成立），那么你就是開(kāi)著一輛前擋風(fēng)玻璃是黑的，后視鏡是碎的，方向盤(pán)是壞的車（荒謬的不合理的結(jié)局）。倒過(guò)來(lái)論證貨幣政策不能比成開(kāi)汽車。
引號(hào)：引號(hào)可以起一個(gè)反語(yǔ)的作用。如1996年第5篇中“”Scientific“ creationism， which is being pushed by some for ”equal time“ in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given， is based on religion， not science.”引號(hào)表征是所謂的科學(xué)，作者表達(dá)的意思就是創(chuàng)世論并不科學(xué)。
反問(wèn)句：反問(wèn)也是一種正話反說(shuō)。如2005年第2篇首段“That the evidence was inconclusive， the science uncertain？”字面意思“證據(jù)不確定，那么科學(xué)也不確定了嗎？”很明顯作者表達(dá)的意思是科學(xué)是certain的，而不是字面的 uncertain.
文化背景：在某些特定的文化背景當(dāng)中，作者實(shí)際表達(dá)意思和字面意思相反。如2001年第5篇第一段“A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although， in the manner of a disgraced government minister， I covered my exit by claiming”I wanted to spend more time with my family“�！弊髡咴谶@里只是借自身來(lái)反諷某些政府部長(zhǎng)，即作者并不是政府部長(zhǎng)，也不是想和家人共度美好時(shí)光。
B）深層次的含義：不能僅停留在字面意思理解
C）文章段落主旨：
D）全文末句：
E）文中帶有解釋性、結(jié)論性的句子
F）強(qiáng)對(duì)比結(jié)構(gòu)
G）分類列舉結(jié)構(gòu)
3.與原文意思最接近，推理步驟最少的那一個(gè)作為正確選項(xiàng)
4.傻子原則：不要利用自己任何背景知識(shí)來(lái)做推理題。有背景知識(shí)只能幫助你讀懂讀文章，不會(huì)幫助你做對(duì)題目。因?yàn)榧词挂粋�(gè)選項(xiàng)符合常識(shí)，它也可能是一個(gè)文中未提及的信息，是錯(cuò)誤答案。
2004年第二篇：
Over the past century， all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive： alphabetism. This， for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage， refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively； and 26 of George Bush‘s predecessors （including his father） had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking， six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged （Berlusconi， Blair， Bush， Chirac， Chrétien and Koizumi）。 The world’s three top central bankers （Greenspan， Duisenberg and Hayami） are all close to the top of the alphabet， even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men （Gates， Buffett， Allen， Ellison and Albrecht）。
Can this merely be coincidence？ One theory， dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged， is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school， teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front， to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row， and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications， because they get less individual attention， as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies， the ABCs proudly get their awards first； by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews， election ballot papers， lists of conference speakers and attendees： all tend to be drawn up alphabetically， and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
47、What can we infer from the first three paragraphs？
[A] In both East and West， names are essential to success.
[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.
[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.
[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.（文章主題為正確答案）
48、The 4th paragraph suggests that
[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students.
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class.
[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students.（should為正話反說(shuō)，改選項(xiàng)實(shí)際表達(dá)的意義就是老師沒(méi)有關(guān)注所有的孩子）
[D] students should be
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