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考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)精解之動(dòng)詞
一般將來(lái)時(shí)(Simple Future Tense)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其形式和用法如下所述。
1. will/shall+動(dòng)詞,表示單純的將來(lái)含義。
例句: Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (2001年第23題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。written and spoken作定語(yǔ)修飾language;that后是一結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 有朝一日,軟件既能用來(lái)做文字翻譯又能做口頭翻譯,而且能翻譯得很好,以至于對(duì)任何通用的第二語(yǔ)言的需求都會(huì)下降。
例句: Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (選自2006年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾its own hotel;從句中you may be sure是插入語(yǔ),從句的主干部分為which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。
譯文: 希爾頓正在那兒建立自己的酒店,你或許可以肯定它將配有(以莎士比亞劇中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特漢堡包店、李爾王休息室、班柯宴會(huì)包間等,而且價(jià)格非常昂貴。
2. be going to+動(dòng)詞,表示按計(jì)劃或打算在最近的將來(lái)做某事,也可表示對(duì)未來(lái)的預(yù)測(cè)。
例句: As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。定語(yǔ)從句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分別修飾poor people以及richer people;從句的主干部分為poor people are in conflict with richer people。
譯文: 一般來(lái)說(shuō),只要窮人與富人(也就是一般的有色人種和白色人種)之間有沖突,那么這個(gè)世界上的種族沖突就不會(huì)停止。
例句: Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly?contested market. (選自2005年P(guān)art C)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 顯然,只有規(guī)模最大、應(yīng)變能力最強(qiáng)的電視傳媒集團(tuán)才能夠在這個(gè)精彩紛呈而又競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 激烈的市場(chǎng)中生存。
3. be to+動(dòng)詞,表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或要求別人去做的事,常用來(lái)表示官方的命令、決定、禁止、許可等。
例句:If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。其中,在主句中,定語(yǔ)從句it hopes to attract修飾audience。
譯文:如果吉爾伯特和紐約愛(ài)樂(lè)樂(lè)團(tuán)想獲得成功,他們首先必須改變美國(guó)最古老的交響樂(lè)團(tuán)和其想要吸引的新一批觀眾間的關(guān)系。
例句: But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006年第49題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,本句主干為his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定語(yǔ)從句which governs his activity修飾the moral code;其中not...any more than意為“不……也不……”。
譯文: 但是,他的首要任務(wù)并不是考慮支配自己行動(dòng)的道德規(guī)范,就如同不能指望商人專注于探討行業(yè)規(guī)范一樣。
4.be about to+動(dòng)詞,表示最近即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,不接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
例句: Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (1999年第9題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。定語(yǔ)從句who is not about to pay compliments to...修飾a young man。
譯文: 馬林是個(gè)有獨(dú)立思考能力的年輕人,他不會(huì)恭維他的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。
例句: His brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,其中定語(yǔ)從句who was a school teacher修飾his brother。主干部分為His brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。
譯文: 他的哥哥是一位老師,已身無(wú)分文,并患上了胃潰瘍,他的一個(gè)孩子要接受一次大手術(shù),他的愛(ài)人將要生一對(duì)雙胞胎。
5. 位置移動(dòng)動(dòng)詞,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+現(xiàn)在分詞,表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作,常跟較近將來(lái)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
例句: The Spring Festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.
分析: 該句是由and連接的并列句。
譯文: 春節(jié)就要到了,城里人都在忙著做各種各樣的準(zhǔn)備。
6. 動(dòng)詞come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái),表示已經(jīng)預(yù)先計(jì)劃安排好的或肯定發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,主語(yǔ)常為事物名詞。
例句: By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. (1994年第1題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。arrive用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
譯文: 你到達(dá)倫敦時(shí),我們將已經(jīng)在歐洲待了兩周了。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(Present Continuous Tense)
1. 表示此刻正在進(jìn)行或在目前限定時(shí)間內(nèi)不斷進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
例句: That may change fast: lots of proposed data?security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington D.C..(選自2007年Text 4)
分析: 該句是并列句,冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面所提內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。
譯文: 這一切很快就會(huì)改變: 很多提議的信息安全法規(guī)正在華盛頓逐一討論。
例句:It?s no surprise that Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life?enriching experience. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句中,破折號(hào)前是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,其中,it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story is arousing much chatter,引號(hào)中的內(nèi)容與其前cover story為同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系;破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面陳述內(nèi)容的解釋,suggestion后是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句。
譯文:詹妮佛·森尼爾見(jiàn)解深刻、頗具煽動(dòng)性的雜志封面文章《我愛(ài)我的孩子,我討厭我的生活》引發(fā)了熱烈的議論,這不足為奇——沒(méi)有什么比“育兒絕非完全是實(shí)現(xiàn)自我、豐富生活的體驗(yàn)”這樣的暗示更能引發(fā)人們的討論了。
2. 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,而此刻并不一定在進(jìn)行。
例句: The future of this company is at stake: many of its talented employees are following into more profitable net?based businesses. (2001年第30題)
分析: 該句是并列句,冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步解釋。
譯文: 這家公司的未來(lái)生死未卜,它的許多有才能的雇員正流失到賺錢(qián)更多的網(wǎng)絡(luò)行業(yè)中去。
例句: “Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University?s business school.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset修飾an asset。
譯文: 斯坦福大學(xué)商學(xué)院的海姆·門(mén)德?tīng)柹f(shuō): “信息已成為一種資產(chǎn),需要像其他資產(chǎn)一樣加以保護(hù)!
3. 表示最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這一用法見(jiàn)一般將來(lái)時(shí)用法5)。
4. 在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示將來(lái)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
例句: Take care when you are taking an exam.
Put him up if he is still finding a dwelling place.
注意: 表示狀態(tài)、感覺(jué)或情感的動(dòng)詞不用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),如: forget, know, see, notice, love, like, hate, desire, believe, look, think, mind, have, seem, sound, remain等。
(六)將來(lái)完成時(shí)(Future Perfect Tense)和將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(Future Perfect Continuous Tense)
1. 表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
例句: It?s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory will have risen by about 10.
譯文:據(jù)報(bào)道,到本月底這家工廠的水泥產(chǎn)量將要提升10。
例句: The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
譯文: 會(huì)議在結(jié)束前將持續(xù)整個(gè)星期。
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