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虛擬語氣教案
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一、語氣的種類：英語句子中謂語動詞的語氣有四種：
1.直陳語氣(The Indicative Mood)直陳語氣用于直截了當(dāng)?shù)仃愂鍪聦�、描述狀態(tài)：
e.g.He has published quite anumber of essays this year.他今年已發(fā)表了好幾篇論文。
2.祈使語氣(The Imperative Mood)祈使語氣用于提出請求、命令、建議或是勸告等：
e.g.Wait outside until you are asked.請在外面等候，請你進(jìn)再進(jìn)去。
Let's just take abreak,shall we?我們休息一會兒，好嗎?
3.疑問語氣(the interrogative mood)：用來提出問題
e.g.Where are from?
4.虛擬語氣(The Subjunctive Mood)虛擬語氣用于表示主觀愿望和假設(shè)的虛擬情況。虛擬語氣不太顧及事實的存在，它表現(xiàn)出說話人的主觀因素比較多。所以說話人所講的內(nèi)容往往是與事實相反的；或是其實現(xiàn)的可能性微乎其微，甚至于沒有實現(xiàn)的可能性。當(dāng)然，有時為了使說話的語氣客氣、緩和、委婉，也使用虛擬語氣。
e.g.I wish you were more careful.但愿你更細(xì)心一些。
If Ihad more money,I would buy abigger apartment.
我要是有再多一點錢，我就買一套更大一些房子。
Would you mind shutting the door?勞駕您把門關(guān)上。
二、虛擬語氣的種類：虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，所說的是一個條件，不一定是事實，或與事實相反。虛擬語氣在條件句中應(yīng)用比較多；條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實條件句，一類為非真實條件句。非真實條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。
三、真實性條件句
真實條件句用于陳述語氣，假設(shè)的情況有可能發(fā)生,各種結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
條件從句主句
一般現(xiàn)在時shall/will+動詞原形
祈使句情態(tài)動詞一般現(xiàn)在時
e.g.If he comes,he will bring his violin.如果他來，會帶小提琴來的。
典型例題：The volleyball match will be put off if it_.
A.will rain B.rains C.rained D.is rained
答案B。真實條件句主句為將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。
注意：1.在真實條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，該用shall,will.
(錯)If you leave now,you are never going to regret it.
(對)If you leave now,you will never regret it.
2.表示真理時，主句謂語動詞不用shall(will)+動詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時的動詞形式
四、非真實條件句
1.虛擬語氣可以表示過去，現(xiàn)在和將來的情況，時態(tài)的基本特點是時態(tài)往后推移
2.
與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)一般過去時(be用were)Would/should/could/might/ought to+動詞原形1.If they werehere,they would help you.
2.if we had enough money,we would buy acomputer.
3.if Iwere you,I wouldn't do it.
4.if it rained tomorrow,we'd stay at home.
5.it would be odd if she were awarded the first prize.
與過去事實相反的假設(shè)過去完成時Should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞1.If he had come yesterday,I should have told him about it.
2.if Ihad been in her position I'd have quit.
3.if the weather hadn't been so bad,we might have gone out.
4.if he had apologized,you should have done so too.
5.I should never have done it if Ihadn't been so hard up.
與將來不大可能發(fā)生的事情的假想一般過去時/should/would
+動詞原形Should/would/could/might/ought to+動詞原形1.If you suc ceeded,everything would be all right.
2.If they invited me,I would certainly attend it.
3.if he went,would you go too?
與將來事實相反的假設(shè)were+不定式Should/would/could/might/ought to+動詞原形1.if she were to lose her place they would be ruined.
2.if you were to speak to him,it would carry more weight.
五、混合條件句(也叫：錯綜時間條件句)
有時，主句與從句的動作發(fā)生在不同的時間，主句從句謂語動詞的虛擬語氣形式因時間不同而不同，這種條件句叫做混合條件句
e.g.
1.If you had asked him yesterday,you would know what to do now.如果你昨天問過他，今天就知道做什么了。(從句與過去事實相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反。)
2.If it had rained last night(過去),it would be very cold today(現(xiàn)在).如果昨晚下過雨，今天就會很冷了。
3.if you'd listened to me,you wouldn't be in such trouble now.如果你聽了我的話，你現(xiàn)在也不會這樣麻煩了
4.if it hadn't been for her care,I should not be speaking to you now.如果不是她照顧我，我也不會在這里和你講話
5.If the doctor had come in time,any would still be alive.如果醫(yī)生及時趕到，AMY現(xiàn)在還活著。
六、含蓄條件句：含蓄條件句是指非真實條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來,只暗含在上下文中。含蓄條件句常見的表達(dá)方式有：
1.定語從句和狀語從句
e.g.anyone who had married such agirl as she would have been regretful.誰娶了像她這樣的姑娘都會后悔的
help was promised where it should become necessary.要是需要的話就答應(yīng)給予幫助
2.介詞及介詞短語but that,as though,once,but for,without,with,under,under…condition,supposing,suppose,as if,on condition that,in the past等
e.g.but for his pension,he would starve.要不是有養(yǎng)老金，他都要餓死了
without your help,I couldn't have achieved all this.要不是有你幫助我不會取得這些成就
with his aid,you would succeed.如果有了他的幫助，你就會成功。
plants would die without water on the earth.地球上如果沒有水，植物就會死的
but for the fog we would have reached our destination long ago.要是沒有霧的話，我們很早就到目的地了
under more favourable conditions we could have finished the task.如果條件對我們更有利，我們就會把工作完成得更好
3.連詞otherwise,or,but e.g.he would have given you more help,but he has been so busy.他本來要多給你一些幫助，只是他太忙了
seize the chance,otherwise you would regret it.如果不抓住這個機會，你會后悔的
he felt very tired yesterday,or he would have helped you.他昨天覺得很累，不然會幫你的
4.通過分詞短語表示條件
e.g.Given more time,we could have done it better.
Legalizing this drug would have disastrous consequence.使毒品合法化會有災(zāi)難性的后果
5.用動詞不定式表示條件
e.g.It would be amistake not to help him.
She would have done anyghing to make amends.她會做任何事來彌補
特殊情況：情態(tài)動詞在日常用語中用得很多，使句子顯得比較委婉；這類謂語算不算虛擬語氣很難說，但有兩點是肯定的：
一是它們不受時態(tài)的影響，雖然形式接近過去式，卻常指現(xiàn)在的情況，而且和虛擬語氣在形式上一致，在不少情況下幾乎可以說是一種含蓄的虛擬條件句；
二是它們不表示事實，常帶有主觀色彩，因而使句子顯得很委婉。
e.g.I should think that might be agood solution.
could Itrouble you with aquestion?
could you lend me some money?
would you mind taking part?
would you like some tea?
七、虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的運用
1.虛擬語氣用在would rather，would(just)as soon，would sooner，would prefer(希望)等后接的賓語從句中。意指某人寧愿讓另一個人做某事，其后的賓語從句的謂語動詞需用虛擬語氣。若表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)硪瞿呈拢瑥木渲^語動詞需用一般過去時，表示過去已經(jīng)做的事，從句謂語動詞用過去完成時。
e.g.The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.經(jīng)理寧愿她女兒不與他在同一間辦公室工作。
To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地說，我希望你不要卷入這件事。
You don't have to be in such ahurry.I would rather you went on business first.你沒有必要這么著急，我寧愿你先去上班。
I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暫時先不要就此事發(fā)表意見。
Frankly speaking，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being.坦白地說我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對此事什么也不做。
Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early?為什么你不愿讓你的孩子早點上床呢?
注：①若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用動詞原形e.g.I would rather stay at home today.
②would rather...than...中用動詞原形e.g.I would rather stay at home than go out today.
2.在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中，像order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,command,
insist+(should)do e.g.I suggest that we(should)hold ameeting next week.我建議下周召開個會議。
He insisted that he(should)be sent there.他要求被派到那兒去。
注意：如suggest,insist不表示"建議"或"堅持要某人做某事時"，即它們用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"堅持認(rèn)為"時，賓語從句用陳述語氣。
判斷改錯：(錯)You pale face suggests that you(should)be ill.
(對)Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(錯)I insisted that you(should)be wrong.
(對)I insisted that you were wrong.
3.wish的用法
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