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英語語法筆記!
非謂語動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)名詞與分詞)1、 非謂語動(dòng)詞:是一類由動(dòng)詞原形演變而來的表示動(dòng)作,但又不能構(gòu)成謂語句子成分的詞。
2、 非謂語動(dòng)詞的分類:分詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式。
(1) 動(dòng)名詞:其構(gòu)成為動(dòng)詞原形+ing。它的構(gòu)成與現(xiàn)在分詞完全相同,所以要從兩者的用法上區(qū)別這兩類詞。用法:可以被用作句子主語、表語、賓語和同位語。
Eg: (1) Reading affords pleasure. (主語)
(2) The football match between Brazil and China is exciting. (表語)
(3) They enjoyed listening to pop songs very much. (賓語)
(4) My hobby, reading books in bed, remains unchanged. (同位語)
原則:動(dòng)名詞從字面,即語法角度講,是名詞。但是,其本質(zhì)上仍然具有動(dòng)作的性質(zhì)。所以,當(dāng)使用動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞賓語且需要表達(dá)動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者時(shí),可以加上相應(yīng)的所有格代詞或者賓格代詞;然而,當(dāng)它用作句子主語時(shí),若要體現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn),則只能用所有格代詞。
Eg: (1) His giving up smoking is encouraging. (只能用所有格代詞)
(2) They enjoyed my/me good cooking. (所有格代詞/賓格代詞)
(2) 分詞:分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩大類,F(xiàn)在分詞在構(gòu)成上與動(dòng)名詞完全相同,而過去分詞則在動(dòng)詞后面加-ed構(gòu)成。同時(shí),還必須詳記一些常用的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞。分詞在句子中一般用作定語和狀語。在詳細(xì)闡述之前,必須先樹立這樣一個(gè)觀念:現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行;過去分詞表示被動(dòng)或者完成。這一點(diǎn)是學(xué)習(xí)分詞的根基!
(I) 分詞作定語:顧名思義,就是分詞可以限定或者修飾名詞或代詞。現(xiàn)在開一個(gè)十分簡單的例子:a working desk --- a desk for working/a working man --- a man who is/was working 顯然,前這是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞,后者是分詞。它們同作定語,但性質(zhì)不同。從中我們可以看到:凡是分詞用作定語都是從定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換而來。這是一個(gè)基本原則!
Eg: (1) The windows which face south are broken. ---
The windows facing south are broken.
(2) The man who is talking with the teacher is my father. ---
The man talking with the teacher is my father.
(3) The money invested in this project added up to 20 million yuan. ---
The money, which had been invested in this project, added up to 20 million yuan.
(4) The meeting to be held this weekend is important. ---
The meeting, which is to be held this weekend is important.
結(jié)論1:現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語,表示與主句時(shí)態(tài)一致的一個(gè)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
結(jié)論2:現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語,表示與主句時(shí)態(tài)一致的一個(gè)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
結(jié)論3:過去分詞作后置定語,表示被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
結(jié)論4:to be+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語,表示即將發(fā)生的行為或動(dòng)作。
原則:一切分詞作定語的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是以上四條,必須牢記!其中,充分體現(xiàn)了“現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行;過去分詞表示被動(dòng)或者完成!钡幕舅枷。所以,要清楚,定語從句和分詞作定語只是兩種不同的表達(dá)方式,本質(zhì)是相同的!
(II) 分詞作狀語:與“分詞作定語從定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換而來”如出一轍,分詞作狀語同樣可以看作是從各類狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)換而來。分詞作狀語共7類,分別是:原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、時(shí)間、方式和伴隨狀語。
Eg: (1) Lost in thought, he didn’t even hear her knocking at the door. (原因狀語)
(2) He fired, killing two flying birds. (結(jié)果狀語)
(3) (If) Given more time and money, we could have completed the task. (條件狀語)
(4) Doing his homework, the girl was listening to the pop songs. (時(shí)間狀語)
(5) Gaining much money, he still felt unhappy. (讓步狀語)
(6) Using negotiation instead of arm force, the two nations eventually solved the border dispute peacefully. (方式狀語)
(7) Reading detective books, he lied in bed. (伴隨狀語)
原則1:由于分詞作狀語是從狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)換而來,故有時(shí)為了明確句子的具體含義,可以在從句中出現(xiàn)表示主從關(guān)系的連接詞,往往連接詞位于“分詞作狀語”之前!
Eg: (1) When doing his homework, the girl was listening to her classical music. (時(shí)間狀語)
(2) If given more time and money, we could have completed the task. (條件狀語)
(3) Although gaining much money, he still felt unhappy. (讓步狀語)
原則2:分詞的邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。這一點(diǎn)是最根本的原則!只有當(dāng)兩者一致時(shí),分詞作狀語才能成立。但是,如果不一致,就不能使用分詞作狀語,而要用“分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”予以代替!
Eg: (1) Using negotiation instead of arm force, the two nations eventually solved the border dispute peacefully. (方式狀語) ---
(With) the peaceful means used, the two nations eventually solved the border di
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